This week the High Court will hear the Commonwealth’s challenge to the ACT’s Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013. Contrary to public expectations, the case is really about the inconsistency of laws, not human rights. The parties to the proceedings are the Commonwealth and the Australian Capital Territory. Australian Marriage Equality Inc (AME) has also applied to be heard in the proceedings as amicus curiae. Interestingly, none of the States have decided to intervene. Despite the potential for their interests to be affected, it would appear that the issue is too politically contentious.
The Commonwealth’s submissions show that it will argue that the Commonwealth Parliament has the power to legislate in relation to all forms of marriage. While it recognises that the full scope of the marriage power in the Constitution has not yet been determined, it argues that ‘the better view is that the constitutional concept of “marriage” includes a marriage between members of the same sex’. It would appear that the Commonwealth’s interests in maintaining as broad a view as possible as to the scope of its powers has won out over the interests of the Abbott Government in advocating an originalist interpretation of the constitutional term ‘marriage’.
The Commonwealth argues, however, that its Marriage Act 1961 was intended to cover the entire field of marriage in Australia to the exclusion of any State or Territory laws on the subject and that the ACT law is therefore invalid for trespassing into this field. The Commonwealth contends that ‘it is not open under the law of Australia for any other legislature to purport to clothe with the legal status of marriage (or a form of marriage) a union of persons, whether mimicking or modifying any of [the] essential requirements of marriage’.
The Commonwealth’s submissions also assert that the Marriage Act prevents a State or Territory from conferring the legal status of marriage or a form of marriage on a union of people that would not be valid under the Commonwealth law (eg because one of the parties is under age, or lacks capacity, or is already married, or the marriage is to expire after a fixed period, or the parties are closely related or of the same sex). While it accepts that a State or Territory can confer rights on couples, including same-sex couples, ‘as if they were married’, it contends that this still amounts to recognition that they are not legally ‘married’.
The ACT, on the other hand, contends that the Commonwealth’s Marriage Act deals only with the legal status of opposite-sex couples and that it does not prohibit or exclude laws conferring the status of marriage on others, including same-sex couples, or a status that is intended to equate to marriage.
In 2004 the Commonwealth passed the Marriage Amendment Act 2004 which defined marriage as the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life. One of the arguments is that this Act narrowed the field of the Commonwealth’s Marriage Act, opening up the field of same-sex marriage for the States and Territories to legislate within. The issue is one of intention. If one looks to the extrinsic materials, the Explanatory Memorandum stated that the intention was ‘to protect the institution of marriage by ensuring that marriage means a union of a man and a woman and that same sex relationships cannot be equated with marriage.’ The ACT argues, however, that this intention was not made out in the provisions of the Act. While it may have prohibited recognition of overseas same-sex marriages as ‘marriages’ in Australia, it did not expressly prohibit same-sex marriages under the law of other jurisdictions in Australia.
The AME’s submissions argue that the status conferred by the ACT Act is different from marriage. They contend that the mere use of the word ‘marriage’ does not indicate that the status is the same. They point to the terms ‘de facto marriage’ and ‘common law marriage’, which really mean that the relationship is not a marriage. They argue that the preceding words, ‘de facto’, ‘common law’ or ‘same-sex’ ‘serve to distinguish the status from marriage’. They conclude that as the ACT is legislating about something different from marriage, it is not inconsistent with the Commonwealth’s Act.
The ACT submissions primarily hang on a technicality unique to it. Its laws are subject to a differently worded inconsistency provision than that which applies to the States or other Territories. Section 28 of the ACT (Self-Government) Act 1988 states that a provision of a territory law has no effect to the extent that it is inconsistent with a Commonwealth law, but that the Territory provision shall be taken to be consistent with the Commonwealth law ‘to the extent that it is capable of operating concurrently with that law.’
The ACT claims that this means that Territory laws can operate concurrently with Commonwealth laws as long as there is no direct inconsistency. While State laws will also be invalid if they intrude into a field that the Commonwealth law intends to cover completely and exhaustively, it is argued that this does not apply to ACT laws. The effect, according to the ACT, is that its Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act can operate fully in parallel with the Commonwealth’s Marriage Act without any direct inconsistency arising, because the institution of same-sex marriage is different from that of marriage under the Marriage Act.
The issue about the application of the ACT’s inconsistency provision is the dark horse in this case. There is very little authority on the subject and surprisingly, given the significance of this distinction, there seems to be no discussion of the intent behind it in either Parliament or the numerous reports that preceded self-government. This leads to interesting speculative conclusions– perhaps it was a drafting error or was intended to be cancelled out by the Commonwealth’s disallowance provision, or perhaps it simply means that ACT laws should be read down to avoid inconsistency with Commonwealth laws so that they can operate concurrently. The drafting history of s 28, the context in which it was enacted and the potentially different ways in which it might be interpreted are all addressed in a detailed paper here.
If the ACT’s Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act was upheld solely on the basis of this different inconsistency provision, it would mean that same sex marriage in Australia would only be available and valid in the ACT. Equivalent laws could not be enacted in any other State or Territory. It would not give rise to ‘marriage equality’, but rather, as the AME argues, a status that is ‘not marriage’. This may well be a pyrrhic victory, but no doubt it is simply intended to be a battle in a bigger war.
[An edited version of this blog was first published by The Conversation on 2 December 2013. Suggested Citation: Anne Twomey, ‘Same-sex marriage – A High Court preview’, Constitutional Critique, 2 December 2013, (Constitutional Reform Unit Blog, University of Sydney, http://blogs.usyd.edu.au/cru/).]
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